I
have been asked that question a thousand times since 1945, and nothing is more
difficult to answer.
Approximately 2000 books have dealt with the Second
World War and with its central figure, Adolf Hitler. But has the real Hitler
been discovered by any of them? "The enigma of Hitler is beyond all human
comprehension" the left-wing German weekly 'Die Zeit' once put it.
Salvador
Dali, art's unique genius, sought to penetrate the mystery in one of his most
intensely dramatic paintings. Towering mountain landscapes all but fill the
canvas, leaving ony a few luminous meters of seashore dotted with delicately miniaturized
human figures: the last witness to a dying peace. A huge telephone receiver
dripping tears of blood hangs from the branch of a dead tree; and here and
there hang umbrellas and bats whose portent is visibly the same. As Dali tells
it, "Chamberlain's umbrella appeared in this painting in a sinister light,
made evident by the bat, and it struck me when I painted it as a thing of
enormous anguish."
He
then confided: "I felt this painting to be deeply prophetic. But I confess
that I haven't yet figured out the Hitler enigma either. He attracted me only
as an object of my mad imaginings and because I saw him as a man uniquely
capable of turning things completely upside down."
What
a lesson in humility for the braying critics who have rushed into print since
1945 with their thousands of 'definitive' books, most of them scornful, about
this man who so troubled the introspective Dali that forty years later he still
felt anguished and uncertain in the presence of his own hallucinatory painting.
Apart from Dali, who else has ever tried to present an objective portrayal of
this extraordinary man who Dali labeled the most explosive figure in human
history?
LIKE PAVLOV'S BELL
The
mountains of Hitler books based on blink hatred and ignorance do little to
describe or explain the most powerful man the world has ever seen. How, I
ponder, do these thousands of disparate portraits of Hitler in any way resemble
the man I knew? The Hitler seated beside me, standing up, talking, listening.
It has become impossible to explain to people fed fantastic tales for decades
that what they have read or heard on television just does not correspond to the
truth.
People
have come to accept fiction, repeated a thousand times over, as reality. Yet
they have never seen Hitler, never spoken to him, never heard a word from his
mouth. The very name of Hitler immediately conjures up a grimacing devil, the
fount of all of one's negative emotions. Like Pavlov's bell, the mention of
Hitler is meant to dispense with substance and reality. In time, however,
history will demand more than these summary judgements.
STRANGELY ATTRACTIVE
Hitler
is always present before my eyes: as a man of peace in 1936, as a man of war in
1944. It is not possible to have been a personal witness to the life of such an
extraordinary man without being marked by it forever. Not a day goes by but
Hitler rises again in my memory, not as a man long dead, but as a real being
who paces his office floor, seats himself in his chair, pokes the burning logs
in the fireplace.
The
first thing anyone noticed when he came into view was his small mustache.
Countless times he had been advised to shave it off, but he always refused:
people were used to him the way he was.
He
was not tall -- no more than was Napoleon or Alexander the Great.
Hitler
had deep blue eyes that many found bewitching, although I did not find them so.
Nor did I detect the electric current his hands were said to give off. I
gripped them quite a few times and was never struck by his lightening.
His
face showed emotion or indifference according to the passion or apathy of the
moment. At times he was as though benumbed, saying not a word, while his jaws
moved in the meanwhile as if they were grinding an obstacle to smithereens in
the void. Then he would come suddenly alive and launch into a speech directed
at you alone, as though he were addressing a crowd of hundreds of thousands at
Berlin's Tempelhof airfield. Then he became as if transfigured. Even his
complexion, otherwise dull, lit up as he spoke. And at such times, to be sure,
Hitler was strangely attractive and as if possessed of magic powers.
EXCEPTIONAL VIGOR
Anything
that might have seemed too solemn in his remarks, he quickly tempered with a
touch of humour. The picturesque world, the biting phrase were at his command.
In a flash he would paint a word-picture that brought a smile, or come up with
an unexpected and disarming comparison. He could be harsh and even implacable
in his judgements and yet almost at the same time be surprisingly conciliatory,
sensitive and warm.
After
1945 Hitler was accused of every cruelty, but it was not in his nature to be
cruel. He loved children. It was an entirely natural thing for him to stop his
car and share his food with young cyclists along the road. Once he gave his
raincoat to a derelict plodding in the rain. At midnight he would interrupt his
work and prepare the food for his dog Blondi.
He
could not bear to eat meat, because it meant the death of a living creature. He
refused to have so much as a rabbit or a trout sacrificed to provide his food.
He would allow only eggs on his table, because egg-laying meant that the hen
had been spared rather than killed.
Hitler's
eating habits were a constant source of amazement to me. How could someone on
such a rigorous schedule, who had taken part in tens of thousands of exhausting
mass meetings from which he emerged bathed with sweat, often losing two to four
pounds in the process; who slept only three to four hours a night; and who,
from 1940 to 1945, carried the whole world on his shoulders while ruling over
380 million Europeans: how, I wondered, could he physically survive on just a
boiled egg, a few tomatoes, two or three pancakes, and a plate of noodles? But
he actually gained weight!
He
drank only water. He did not smoke and would not tolerate smoking in his
presence. At one or two o'clock in the morning he would still be talking,
untroubled, close to his fireplace, lively, often amusing. He never showed any
sign of weariness. Dead tired his audience might be, but not Hitler.
He
was depicted as a tired old man. Nothing was further from the truth. In
September 1944, when he was reported to be fairly doddering, I spent a week
with him. His mental and physical vigor were still exceptional. The attempt
made on his life on July 20th had, if anything, recharged him. He took tea in
his quarters as tranquilly as if we had been in his small private apartment at
the chancellery before the war, or enjoying the view of snow and bright blue
sky through his great bay window at Berchtesgaden.
IRON SELF-CONTROL
At
the very end of his life, to be sure, his back had become bent, but his mind
remained as clear as a flash of lightening. The testament he dictated with
extraordinary composure on the eve of his death, at three in the morning of
April 29, 1945, provides us a lasting testimony. Napoleon at Fontainebleau was
not without his moments of panic before his abdication. Hitler simply shook
hands with his associates in silence, breakfasted as on any other day, then
went to his death as if he were going on a stroll. When has history ever
witnessed so enormous a tragedy brought to its end with such iron self control?
Hitler's
most notable characteristic was ever his simplicity. The most complex of
problems resolved itself in his mind into a few basic principles. His actions
were geared to ideas and decisions that could be understood by anyone. The
laborer from Essen, the isolated farmer, the Ruhr industrialist, and the
university professor could all easily follow his line of thought. The very
clarity of his reasoning made everything obvious.
His
behaviour and his life style never changed even when he became the ruler of
Germany. He dressed and lived frugally. During his early days in Munich, he
spent no more than a mark per day for food. At no stage in his life did he
spend anything on himself. Throughout his 13 years in the chancellery he never
carried a wallet or ever had money of his own.
COMPUTER-LIKE MIND
Hitler
was self-taught and made not attempt to hide the fact. The smug conceit of
intellectuals, their shiny ideas packaged like so many flashlight batteries,
irritated him at times. His own knowledge he had acquired through selective and
unremitting study, and he knew far more than thousands of diploma-decorated
academics.
I
don't think anyone ever read as much as he did. He normally read one book every
day, always first reading the conclusion and the index in order to gauge the
work's interest for him. He had the power to extract the essence of each book
and then store it in his computer-like mind. I have heard him talk about
complicated scientific books with faultless precision, even at the height of
the war.
His
intellectual curiosity was limitless. He was readily familiar with the writings
of the most diverse authors, and nothing was too complex for his comprehension.
He had a deep knowledge and understanding of Buddha, Confucius and Jesus
Christ, as well as Luther, Calvin, and Savonarola; of literary giants such as
Dante, Schiller, Shakespeare and Goethe; and analytical writers such as Renan
and Gobineau, Chamberlain and Sorel
He
had trained himself in philosophy by studying Aristotle and Plato. He could quote
entire paragraphs of Schopenhauer from memory, and for a long time carried a
pocked edition of Schopenhauer with him. Nietzsche taught him much about the
willpower.
His
thirst for knowledge was unquenchable. He spend hundreds of hours studying the
works of Tacitus and Mommsen, military strategists such as Clausewitz, and
empire builders such as Bismark. Nothing escaped him: world history or the
history of civilizations, the study of the Bible and the Talmud, Thomistic
philosophy and all the masterpieces of Homer, Sophocles, Horace, Ovid, Titus
Livius and Cicero. He knew Julian the Apostate as if he had been his
contemporary.
His
knowledge also extended to mechanics. He knew how engines worked; he understood
the ballistics of various weapons; and he astonished the best medical
scientists with his knowledge of medicine and biology.
The
universality of Hitler's knowledge may surprise or displease those unaware of
it, but it is nonetheless a historical fact: Hitler was one of the most
cultivated men of this century. Many times more so than Churchill, an
intellectual mediocrity; or than Pierre Lavaal, with him mere cursory knowledge
of history; of than Roosevelt; or Eisenhower, who never got beyond detective
novels.
THE YOUNG ARCHITECT
Even
during his earliest years, Hitler was different than other children. He had an
inner strength and was guided by his spirit and his instincts.
He
could draw skillfully when he was only eleven years old. His sketches made at
that age show a remarkable firmness and liveliness. He first paintings and
watercolors, created at age 15, are full of poetry and sensitivity. One of his
most striking early works, 'Fortress Utopia,' also shows him to have been an
artist of rare imagination. His artistic orientation took many forms. He wrote
poetry from the time he was a lad. He dictated a complete play to his sister
Paula who was amazed at his presumption. At the age of 16, in Vienna, he
launched into the creation of an opera. He even designed the stage settings, as
well as all the costumes; and, of course, the characters were Wagnerian heroes.
More
than just an artist, Hitler was above all an architect. Hundreds of his works
were notable as much for the architecture as for the painting. From memory
alone he could reproduce in every detail the onion dome of a church or the
intricate curves of wrought iron. Indeed, it was to fulfill his dream of
becoming an architect that Hitler went to Vienna at the beginning of the
century.
When
one sees the hundreds of paintings, sketches and drawings he created at the
time, which reveal his mastery of three dimensional figures, it is astounding
that his examiners at the Fine Arts Academy failed him in two successive
examinations. German historian Werner Maser, no friend of Hitler, castigated these
examiners: "All of his works revealed extraordinary architectural gifts
and knowledge. The builder of the Third Reich gives the former Fine Arts
Academy of Vienna cause for shame."
In
his room, Hitler always displayed an old photograph of his mother. The memory
of the mother he loved was with him until the day he died. Before leaving this
earth, on April 30, 1945, he placed his mother's photograph in front of him.
She had blue eyes like his and a similar face. Her maternal intuition told her
that her son was different from other children. She acted almost as if she knew
her son's destiny. When she died, she felt anguished by the immense mystery
surrounding her son.
HUMBLE ORIGINS
Throughout
the years of his youth, Hitler lived the life of a virtual recluse. He greatest
wish was to withdraw from the world. At heart a loner, he wandered about, ate
meager meals, but devoured the books of three public libraries. He abstained
from conversations and had few friends.
It
is almost impossible to imagine another such destiny where a man started with
so little and reached such heights. Alexander the great was the son of a king.
Napoleon, from a well-to-do family, was a general at 24. Fifteen years after
Vienna, Hitler would still be an unknown corporal. Thousands of others had a
thousand times more opportunity to leave their mark on the world.
Hitler
was not much concerned with his private life. In Vienna he had lived in shabby,
cramped lodgings. But for all that he rented a piano that took up half his
room, and concentrated on composing his opera. He lived on bread, milk, and
vegetable soup. His poverty was real. He did not even own an over-coat. He
shoveled streets on snowy days. He carried luggage at the railway station. He
spent many weeks in shelters for the homeless. But he never stopped painting or
reading.
Despite
his dire poverty, Hitler somehow managed to maintain a clean appearance.
Landlords and landladies in Vienna and Munich all remembered him for his
civility and pleasant disposition. His behavior was impeccable. His room was
always spotless, his meager belongings meticulously arranged, and his clothes
neatly hung or folded. He washed and ironed his own clothes, something which in
those days few men did. He needed almost nothing to survive, and money from the
sale of a few paintings was sufficient to provide for all his needs.
SEARCH FOR DESTINY
Impressed
by the beauty of the church in a Benedictine monastery where he was part of the
choir and served as an altar boy, Hitler dreamt fleetingly of becoming a
Benedictine monk. And it was at that time, too, interestingly enough, that
whenever he attended mass, he always had to pass beneath the first swastika he
had ever seen: it was graven in the stone escutcheon of the abbey portal.
Hitler's
father, a customs officer, hoped the boy would follow in his footsteps and
become a civil servant. His tutor encouraged him to become a monk. Instead the
young Hitler went, or rather fled, to Vienna. And there, thwarted in his
artistic aspirations by the bureaucratic mediocrities of academia, he turned to
isolation and meditation. Lost in the great capital of Austria-Hungary, he
searched for his destiny.
During
the first 30 years of Hitler's life, the date April 20, 1889, meant nothing to
anyone. He was born on that day in Braunau, a small town in the Inn valley.
During his exile in Vienna, he often thought of his modest home, and
particularly of his mother. When she fell ill, he returned home from Vienna to
look after her. For weeks he nursed her, did all the household chores, and
supported her as the most loving of sons. When she finally died, on Christmas
eve, his pain was immense. Wracked with grief, he buried his mother in the
little country cemetery. "I have never seen anyone so prostrate with
grief," said his mother's doctor, who happened to be Jewish.
A STRONG SOUL
Hitler
had not yet focused on politics, but without his rightly knowing, that was the
career to which he was most strongly called. Politics would ultimately blend
with his passion for art. People, the masses, would be the clay the sculptor
shapes into an immortal form. The human clay would become for him a beautiful
work of art like one of Myron's marble sculptures, a Hans Makart painting, or
Wagner's Ring Trilogy.
His
love of music, art and architecture had not removed him from the political life
and social concerns of Vienna. In order to survive, he worked as a common
laborer sided by side with other workers. He was a silent spectator, but
nothing escaped him: not the vanity and egoism of the bourgeoisie, not the
moral and material misery of the people, nor yet the hundreds of thousands of
workers who surged down the wide avenues of Vienna with anger in their hearts.
He
had also been taken aback by the growing presence in Vienna of bearded Jews wearing
caftans, a sight unknown in Linz. "How can they be Germans?" he asked
himself. He read the statistics: in 1860 there were 69 Jewish families in
Vienna; 40 years later there were 200,000. They were everywhere. He observed
their invasion of the universities and the legal and medical professions, and
their takeover of the newspapers.
Hitler
was exposed to the passionate reactions of the workers to this influx, but the
workers were not alone in their unhappiness. There were many prominent persons
in Austria and Hungary who did not hide their resentment at what they believed
was an alien invasion of their country. The mayor of Vienna, a
Christian-Democrat and a powerful orator, was eagerly listened to by Hitler.
Hitler
was also concerned with the fate of the eight million Austrian Germans kept
apart from Germany, and thus deprived of their rightful German nationhood. He
saw Emperor Franz Josef as a bitter and petty old man unable to cope with the
problems of the day and the aspirations of the future.
Quietly,
the young Hitler was summing things up in his mind.
First:
Austrians were part of Germany, the common fatherland.
Second:
The Jews were aliens within the German community.
Third:
Patriotism was only valid if it was shared by all classes. The common people
with whom Hitler had shared grief and humiliation were just as much a part of
the fatherland as the millionaires of high society.
Fourth:
Class war would sooner or later condemn both workers and bosses to ruin in any
country. No country could survive class war; only cooperation between workers
and bosses can benefit the country. Workers must be respected and live with
decency and honor. Creativity must never be stifled.
When
Hitler later said that he had formed his social and political doctrine in
Vienna, he told the truth. Ten years later his observations made in Vienna
would become the order of the day.
Thus
Hitler was to live for several years in the crowded city of Vienna as a virtual
outcast, yet quietly observing everything around him. His strength came from
within. He did not rely on anyone to do his thinking for him. Exceptional human
beings always feel lonely amid the vast human throng. Hitler saw his solitude
as a wonderful opportunity to meditate and not to be submerged in a mindless
sea. In order not to be lost in the wastes of a sterile desert, a strong soul
seeks refuge within himself. Hitler was such a soul.
THE WORD
The
lightning in Hitler's life would come from the word.
All
his artistic talent would be channeled into his mastery of communication and
eloquence. Hitler would never conceive of popular conquests without the power
of the word. He would enchant and be enchanted by it. He would find total
fulfillment when the magic of his words inspired the hearts and minds of the
masses with whom he communed.
He
would feel reborn each time he conveyed with mystical beauty the knowledge he
had acquired in his lifetime.
Hitler's
incantory eloquence will remain, for a very long time, a vast field of study
for the psychoanalyst. The power of Hitler's word is the key. Without it, there
would never have been a Hitler era.
TRANSCENDANT FAITH
Did
Hitler believe in God? He believed deeply in God. He called God the Almighty,
master of all that is known and unknown.
Propagandists
portrayed Hitler as an atheist. He was not. He had contempt for hypocritical
and materialistic clerics, but he was not alone in that. He believed in the
necessity of standards and theological dogmas, without which, he repeatedly
said, the great institution of the Christian church would collapse. These
dogmas clashed with his intelligence, but he also recognized that it was hard
for the human mind to encompass all the problems of creation, its limitless
scope and breathtaking beauty. He acknowledged that every human being has
spiritual needs.
The
song of the nightingale, the pattern and color of a flower, continually brought
him back to the great problems of creation. No one in the world has spoken to
me so eloquently about the existence of God. He held this view not because he
was brought up as a Christian, but because his analytical mind bound him to the
concept of God.
Hitler's
faith transcended formulas and contingencies. God was for him the basis of
everything, the ordainer of all things, of his Destiny and that of all others.
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