A Postwar Problem to Be Finally
Resolved
By Prof. Dr.
H.C. Emil Schlee
Published: 2004-12-01
The public discussion about the compensation of former concentration
camp inmates and forced laborers is not only characterized by covering up facts
and raising legends and horror stories to reality. It is far more marked by a partiality
and one-sidedness which can hardly be surpassed. As is customary, it is also here
again overlooked, that the German people, which has had to pay the bill over the
past five decades for the so-called reparation, has itself suffered far more under
the unjust treatment by the victors and their Allies. Described below is the injustice
of the internationally illegal deportation and forced labor of millions of German
men, women and children – uncorrected and not even publicly recognized as such –
and a minimal restitution for this injustice is calculated.
German Prisoners of War in:[13]
|
|
Great Britain
|
3,635,000
|
USA
|
3,097,000
|
USSR
|
3,060,000
|
France
|
937,000
|
Yugoslavia
|
194,000
|
Poland
|
70,000
|
Belgium
|
64,000
|
CSSR
|
25,000
|
Netherlands
|
7,000
|
Luxemburg
|
5,000
|
Total
|
11,094,000
|
Of these in the East
|
3,349,000
|
Of these in the West
|
7,745,000
|
(Without interned
civilians)
|
1. The Burden of “One-sidedness” in the Historical “Coming to Terms with the Past”
Winfried
Martini began the introduction of his informative book Der Sieger schreibt die Geschichte
(The Victor Writes the History) with the sentence:[1]
“It is part of the fascinating phenomena of our time, to
what extent a military defeat influences the historiography and the general awareness
of history and how the victor is spared from moral judgments.”
This
experience belonged in the 20th century to the everyday life of the Germans. A century,
which was not “The German century”[2] according to Prof. Eberhard
Jäckel, but as Prof. Arnulf Baring correctly questions:[3]
“Was our century not coined by the rise of the United States
to finally become the only world power? [...] However one
likes to twist and turn it: [...] it was not at all ours,
neither in good nor in bad.”
But,
united in “evil,” an anti-German coalition was created subsequent to the time of
the resignation of Otto von Bismarck in 1890, perceived secretly, with an unsurpassable
destructive intent and goal, to break up the German Reich of Bismarck, to destroy
the German people for all time, and to remove the German economic competition from
the world for good. In order to achieve this goal, every means was right.
The
central figure of this century with a universal mission was the long serving American
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882–1945), who was acting minister of the
navy from 1913–1920, and President of the United States of America from 1933–1945,
and who had great influence during the times of both world wars. He organized the
largest war machinery in world history,[4] which rolled over the
20th century during two World Wars (also called the “Third Thirty Year War”), regardless
whether the rest of the world desired this or not. His troops are still in Germany
at the beginning of this 21st century, the Federal republic of Germany is still
loaded with numerous dictates, and the victor writes the history.
The latter overloads all Germans with clear one-sidedness
of guilt and debt, demands and payments, including compensation for forced labor
done in Germany in large numbers, demanded or sued for in courts. Scientific reviews
of the prehistory and the actual evolvement of world events during the twentieth
century show that it is untenable to place on Germany the exclusive war guilt with
all the demands and legal violations resulting from it.[5]
POW Camps for Germans in:
|
|
Canada
|
50
|
USA
|
450
|
USA (in Germany)
|
463
|
Norway
|
97
|
Great Britain
|
284
|
British camps in Germany
|
160
|
Poland
|
1,005
|
France
|
650
|
Belgium
|
30
|
CSSR
|
1,409
|
Rumania
|
207
|
Yugoslavia
|
1,094
|
Hungary
|
112
|
Italia
|
97
|
Bulgaria
|
25
|
Algeria
|
11
|
Libya
|
10
|
Egypt
|
39
|
USSR
|
2,125
|
Australia
|
9
|
Total:
|
8,327
|
Besides
the fact that the saying “the first victim during a war is always the truth”[6] remained unfortunately as true for Germany after the end of the
war as it is today, the general concealment of their own guilt by the victorious
powers in connection with the ongoing cynical-hypocritical blaming of Germany indicates
an abyss of human failure, which cannot be a base for a peaceful future and will
sooner or later be caught up by the historic truth! The German poet and playwright
Friedrich Hebbel (1813–1863) noted rightly in the first volume of his well known
Tagebücher?[7]
“There is only one sin, which can be committed against
the whole of mankind with all its generations, and this is the falsification of
history!”
From
hundreds of testimonies, documents, and scientific works, which attest against the
sole guilt of Germany for both World Wars, only two are mentioned here. The U.S.
historian Prof. H.E. Barnes noted with regards to the question of war guilt of the
First World War:[9]
“Of all warring powers Germany was the only one which carries
no blame at all for the beginning of the war.”
And
the Polish States Secretary of the Foreign Ministry, Count Szembek, said on April
11, 1935, to U.S. ambassador W.C. Bullitt:[10]
“We are witnessing an aggressive policy of the world against
Hitler, more than an aggressive policy of Hitler against the world.”
The
former Foreign Secretary Henry J. Kissinger also revealed in Die Welt am Sonntag on March
1, 1992:[11]
“America waged war [on Germany] twice
within the period of only one generation, because the American presidents were convinced
that the dominance of a single hostile nation in Europe would be a threat against
the American security and economical interests. Nothing has changed of this reality.”
In an
interview with the Berliner Zeitung
on January 3, 1997, author Gore Vidal, a cousin of former U.S. vice president Al
Gore, explained frankly:[12]
“We started in 1945 to conquer the globe. NATO was not
established to protect the poor Europeans from the Russians, but to obtain total
control over Western Europe.”
Today,
Germany is still without a peace treaty, and it feels the burden and provocation
of this restraint! This situation also explains the continuous demands for compensation
from all over the world against Germany, which herself does not oppose this at all.
2. There were also Millions of German Forced Laborers!
Number of Days of Imprisonment
of German POWs and Deported Civilians[8]
|
||
Year
|
In Eastern Internment
|
In Western Internment
|
1941
|
2,422,000
|
1,740,000
|
1942
|
40,050,000
|
6,383,000
|
1943
|
65,154,000
|
32,800,000
|
1944
|
158,647,000
|
140,111,000
|
1945
|
644,725,000
|
1,538,093,000
|
1946
|
502,850,000
|
736,463,000
|
1947
|
396,794,000
|
325,965,000
|
1948
|
265,645,000
|
65,747,000
|
1949
|
116,842,000
|
–
|
1950
|
12,763,000
|
–
|
Total
|
2,205,892,000
|
2,847,302,000
|
Contrary
to the subject “Forced Labor in the Third Reich,” there are hardly any investigations
about “Forced Labor of German POWs and Civilian Internees in Foreign Countries”
(see the tables).[13]
It is
shocking to observe the one-sidedness, with which topics like war guilt, the German
Wehrmacht, plans for world domination, and now also the subject of “Forced Labor
and Compensation” are dealt with. It is conspicuous to observe the missing attempt
to view the specific topic of “forced labor” in a contemporary frame in the sense
of similar events in almost all countries, which participated in the war. The starting
point is always the claim that Germany is exclusively guilty for everything, even
though this has been refuted for quite some time now. Most historians have still
not noticed major changes of the historiography on the world wars.
The
army of German forced laborers of almost twelve million German soldiers and 1.7
million deported German civilians in twenty different countries, sometimes with
forced stays of more than ten years in these countries, appears to them to be no
subject at all. They talk about one of the biggest Nazi crimes, of which reparations
have not yet been made, “although already during the Nuremberg trials one of the
four main charges was ‘slave labor’.”[14] But nobody seems to
notice that the judges of these tribunals come from countries, where such “biggest
crimes” were unfolding simultaneously.
Number of Work Days of German POWs and Deported Civilians
1941–1956
|
|||
Year
|
In Eastern Internment
|
In Western Internment
|
Total
|
1941
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
1942
|
23,013,600
|
–
|
23,013,600
|
1943
|
33,052,875
|
2,339,475
|
35,392,350
|
1944
|
81,989,325
|
10,964,700
|
92,954,025
|
1945
|
317,337,375
|
118,856,700
|
436,194,075
|
1946
|
340,344,150
|
257,233,500
|
597,577,650
|
1947
|
286,095,300
|
170,410,575
|
456,505,875
|
1948
|
196,648,425
|
32,463,150
|
229,111,575
|
1949
|
90,246,150
|
–
|
90,246,150
|
1950
|
9,643,875
|
–
|
9,643,875
|
1951–1956
|
28,731,600
|
–
|
28,731,600
|
Total
|
1,407,102,675
|
592,268,100
|
1,999,370,775
|
Or take
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Herbert (Freiburg, Germany), who, in a full page essay with the
title “The Million Army of the Modern Slave State. Deported, worn out, forgotten:
Who were the forced laborers of the Third Reich, and what was the fate ahead of
them?” writes thoughtlessly:[15]
“The National Socialist deployment of foreigners between
1939 and 1945 is the biggest case of forced mass utilization of foreign labor in
history since the end of slavery in the nineteenth century. By the late summer of
1944, 7.6 million foreign civilian workers and POWs were officially registered as
employees within the area of the ‘Großdeutsche
Reich,’ who were mostly brought into the Reich by force.”
This
article gives the impression that the “slave state of the Soviet Union” did not
exist at all, where Siberia from the Ural Mountains to the Bering Strait became
a gigantic international cemetery of the dead from more than 28 nations.[16] Also during the time in question, from 1939 to 1945 and until
1956, the “Soviet foreign employment,” which included the German POWs and civilian
deportees, continuously “employed” a two-digit million number. These slaves had
to perform their slave labor in more than 2,000 work and death camps, partly under
the most primitive living and camp conditions (e.g.Workuta).
There
were still more than 20 million forced laborers in the fall of 1955.[17] After the war, the “people’s democracies” of the east reached
a record high in deportation for forced labor. Secret Soviet orders existed to arrest,
for example, 27,000 Germans who were able to work below ground in the area of communist
East Germany and to exchange them for German POWs who were no longer able to work
in the Soviet Union.[18]
Destruction of Health: German Returnees Unable to Work[8]
|
||||
Country detained in
|
Date of Return
|
No. of Returnees
|
% unemployable
|
Transit or Discharge Camp
|
Great Britain
|
1948 Mar-Nov
|
11,499
|
0
|
Hammelberg
|
France
|
1947 May-Jun
|
370
|
28
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
|
1948 Feb-Mar
|
310
|
44
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
|
Jul-Aug
|
1,408
|
6
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
|
Oct-Nov
|
5,615
|
0.1
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
|
1949 Jan-Aug
|
2,541
|
0
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
Soviet Union
|
1946 Aug
|
24,126
|
66
|
Friedland
|
|
Sep-Oct
|
12,260
|
83
|
Fiedland
|
|
1947 Mar-Jun
|
90
|
Friedland
|
|
|
1948 Feb-Dec
|
16,794
|
62
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
Mar-Dec
|
70,955
|
85
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Dec
|
54
|
Friedland
|
|
|
1949 Jan-Dec
|
21,427
|
67
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
Jan-Feb
|
390
|
36
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Jan-Feb
|
40
|
Friedland
|
|
|
May-Jun
|
9,202
|
48
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Oct
|
7,076
|
43
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Dec
|
15,587
|
68
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Dec-1950 Apr
|
70
|
Friedland
|
|
|
Jan
|
6,060
|
64
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Jan
|
2,391
|
58
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
Apr
|
1,729
|
69
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Feb-Sep
|
1,159
|
99
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
Poland
|
1948 Nov-Dec
|
446
|
70
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
Dec
|
1,446
|
86
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
1949 Feb
|
1,421
|
77
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
May-Jun
|
2,016
|
51
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Oct
|
419
|
82
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Feb-Dec
|
1,380
|
68
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
1950 Apr-May
|
109
|
100
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
Apr
|
138
|
65
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Jun
|
17
|
80
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
1951 Apr
|
85
|
60
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
Czechoslovakia
|
1948 Sep-Dec
|
1,421
|
46
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Dec
|
121
|
43
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
1950 Feb
|
113
|
86
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
1954 Jan-Mar
|
221
|
87
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
Yugoslavia
|
1948 Nov-Dec
|
2,309
|
48
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
Dec
|
196
|
18
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Dec
|
4,485
|
46
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
|
1949 Jan
|
2,494
|
50
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
|
Jan-Feb
|
650
|
58
|
Hof-Moschendorf
|
|
Jan-Feb
|
915
|
58
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
Feb
|
17
|
33
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
|
Aug
|
19
|
74
|
Hersfeld-Waldschänke
|
|
1950 Apr-Jun
|
220
|
9
|
Ulm-Kienlesberg
|
Of the
Western powers it was especially France, which employed German POWs against the
international laws for forced labor. Thousands of Germans perished or suffered horrible
mutilations in French captivity while clearing mines.
The
real gain from reparations did not come from Germany’s industrial installations,
noted the US newsmagazine Life,
“but from the German brain and the German research results.” Scientists were partly
“forced with point blank pistols or with threats of war crime trials” to work for
the victors. There were 523 German scientists in the USA in 1947; their number was
to be increased to 1000.[19]
3. Summary and the Request for Equal Treatment of German Forced Laborers.
1. The excessive wave of demands for reparations for forced labor in Germany during
the Second World War in the final phase of the 20th century is on one hand the consequence
of the missing peace treaty with Germany and on the other hand a sign of insufficient
sovereignty and legal defense capability.
2. The latter is a result of the re-education, but also becomes obvious by the
one-sidedness of scientific research, which deals especially predominantly with
the forced labor problems in Germany during the “Third Reich,” but barely with the
rather difficult problem of forced labor of Germans in foreign countries. This should
obviously be corrected.
3. The form, extent, and motivation of this one-sided and quickly spreading “wave
of demands for compensation for forced labor” against Germany in several areas is
provocative, especially because the nations making such demands often behaved against
German forced laborers neither less illegally nor less ruthlessly.
4. The whole process becomes controversial when one considers how Germany was pillaged
and robbed after the capitulation of the German Wehrmacht on May 8/9, 1945, during
a continuation of the state of war in the West until 1951 and in the East until
1955. This was a rape and plunder of an entire nation unparalleled and unprecedented
in every regard, which people who have the “merci of late birth” (former German
chancellor Helmut Kohl) can hardly imagine.
5. All governmental politicians in Germany have to swear an oath following article
56 of the German Basic Law, which requires them to avert damages from the German
people. It is time that they take this oath seriously, meaning for example, that
they should file class action suits against employers and nations on behalf of the
German forced laborers in the spirit of equality before the law of the nations.
4. Forced Labor of POWs and Deported Civilians
The whole forced labor after the war, which amounts to at least 90 percent of
the work shown here, was an infringement of international law unprecedented in scale
in the history of mankind. To this day, the forced labor issue has unfortunately
not been completely evaluated by any German public authority. It is here for the
first time correctly displayed from an economic point of view.[20]
Days of Forced Labor Imprisonment
|
|
(A) POWs
|
3,502,452,000
(3.5 billion)
|
Performed by
11.094 million POWs – in eastern countries 3.349 million POWs – in western countries
7.745 million POWs. Of these, 1.5 million died while in captivity, of these 1.335
million in eastern countries. In total, every seventh POW died while in captivity.
Two of five prisoners died in the east in death camps. The last prisoners returned
home from the Soviet Union in 1956, eleven years after the end of the war!
|
|
(B) Civilian Deportees
|
3,805,000,000
(3.8 billion)
|
Performed by 1.7 million Germans
deported in 1945. Of these, 580,000 died up until 1950 in eastern death camps
every third deportee.
|
|
Total of Forced Labor Days
|
7,307,452,000
(7.3 billion)
|
Hours Worked
|
73,074,520,000
hrs (73 billion)
|
The prisoners had to work at
least ten hours per day, which resulted in the above number of performed forced
labor hours.
|
|
Cost of Labor:
|
$365,372,600,000
(365 billion U.S. Dollars)
|
This compensation for forced
labor is derived using the 1999 U.S. hourly minimum wage of $5.
|
This
amount is practically unimaginable. For comparison: All companies with more than
20 employees of German industry during 1985 with a total of 4,769,000 employees,
performed 7,910,100,000 (7.9 billion) working hours. The total of all wages for
this was 167.559 billion deutschmarks or roughly $56 billion U.S. Dollars (the median
hourly wage was app. 21 deutschmarks or $7).[21]
The
German forced laborers, POWs, and civilian deportees had to produce therefore almost
ten times the yearly output in 1985 of all the workers of the West German industry!
The
forced labor of the civilian deportees from the Soviet occupied areas of the German
Reich proper and Austria could not be determined. There were more than 100,000 Germans
who were deported for political reasons and who were almost without exception murdered
during imprisonment. The same goes for the more than 100,000 people, who were held
in Russian concentration camps of the Soviet occupied zone. The German media reported
during a visit of former head of State of communist Germany Erich Honecker in West
Germany that in Buchenwald concentration camp alone 80,000 prisoners were murdered
after 1945 by the Soviets or their German communist lackeys.[22]
A total of more than ten percent of the German population had to perform forced
labor for years against all international laws.[23]
Notes
First published
in Deutsche Militärzeitschrift,
Nr. 18, 1999, pp. 21–26; pictures: Archive Prof. E. Schlee.
W. Martini, Der Sieger schreibt die Geschichte. Anmerkungen
zur Zeitgeschichte, Munich 1991, p. 10.
|
|
E. Jäckel, Das deutsche Jahrhundert. Eine historische
Bilanz, Stuttgart 1996; similar also Chr. Graf v. Krockow, Die Deutschen in ihrem Jahrhundert 1890–1990,
rororo-Sachbuch 9195, Reinbek 1991.
|
|
A. Baring, Wem gehört das Jahrhundert?,
book review of E. Jäkkel, Das
deutsche Jahrhundert, op. cit. (note 2), in: Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, Jan. 29, 1997, p. 12.
|
|
See D. Bavendamm,
Roosevelts Krieg 1937–45 und
das Rätsel von Pearl Harbor, Munich, Berlin 1993; D. Kunert, Ein Weltkrieg wird programmiert. Hitler,
Roosevelt, Stalin: Die Vorgeschichte des 2. Weltkriegs nach Primärquellen,
Kiel 1984; C. B. Dall, Amerikas
Kriegspolitik. Roosevelt und seine Hintermänner, Tübingen 1972; B.
Colby, Roosevelts scheinheiliger
Krieg. Amerikas Betrug und Propaganda im Kampf gegen Deutschland,
Leoni 1977; H. Fish, Der zerbrochene
Mythos, F. D. Roosevelts Kriegspolitik 19331948, Tübingen 1982; E.
Schlee, Deutschland und die
Kriegsschuldfrage. Die Behauptungen der Alleinkriegsschuld Deutschlands sind überholt,
Rosenheim 1999; E. Schlee, Wessen
Krieg war es denn nun eigentlich? Eine kleine Kriegsschuldfrage-Dokumentation;
in: R. Uhle-Wettler, (Hg,), Wagnis
Wahrheit. Historiker in
Handschellen? Festschrift für David
Irving. Kiel 1998, pp. 97–121.
|
|
Ibid; also: E. Schlee,
Friedensbemühungen Deutschlands
im Zweiten Weltkrieg, in: Deutsche
Militärzeitschrift No. 17 (March 1999), pp. 14–19.
|
|
U.S. Senator Hiram
Johnson; in: M. Baham, Kriegstrommeln.
Medien, Krieg u. Politik, Munich 1996, p. 36.
|
|
Fr. Hebbel, Tagebücher, vol. I, Vienna
1885; quoted in: K. Peltzer, Das
treffende Zitat. Gedankengut aus drei Jahrtausenden und fünf Kontinenten,
Thun 1974, p. 259.
|
|
Statistisches Bundesamt,
in: VdHD e.V. (ed.), Die deutschen
Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Bonn-Bad Godesberg. 1989.
|
|
Quoted in: Ztschr.
Nation Europa,
5, 1954, p. 4.
|
|
Quoted in: E. Maier-Dorn,
Alleinkriegsschuld,
Großaitingen 1970, p. 149.
|
|
H. A. Kissinger,
“Die Einigung Europas darf nicht auf Kosten der NATO erfolgen. Die Prämissen,
aus denen die Atlantische Allianz ihre Existenzberechtigung ableitet, brechen
zusammen,” Welt am Sonntag,
no. 9, March 1, 1992, p. 5.
|
|
Gore Vidal in an interview with der
Berliner Zeitung, no. 2/1997, Jan. 3, 1997.
|
|
In: Ruhrwort, 21(23), Juni 9,
1979, p. 3; Was Heimkehrer
nie vergessen werden. In Bochums “Dankeskirche” bleibt die Erinnerung wach,
Special print, Bistum Essen.
|
|
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of March 31, 1999,
p. 51.
|
|
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 16, 1999, p. 54.
|
|
D. Friede, Das russische Perpetuum Mobile,
Würzburg 1959; see chapter “28 Nationen in den Zwangsarbeitslagern:” “Die Zahl
der Sklaven ist achtstellig geworden.” “Die Sklaven-Reservoirs”; of great importance
are the 22 documentary volumes of the Wissenschaftlichen Kommission für deutsche
Kriegsgefangenengeschichte, from 1957 to 1974, edited under the directorate of
Prof. Dr. Erich Maschke: E. Maschke, (ed.), Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten
Weltkrieges, Bielefeld 1962; introduction in vol. pp. VII–XX.
|
|
D. Friede, ibid.,
p. 68; see also: St. Courtois, Das
Schwarzbuch des Kommunismus. Unterdrückung, Verbrechen und Terror,
Munich, Zürich 1998; G. Schirmer, Sachsenhausen
– Workuta. Zehn Jahre in den Fängen der Sowjets, Tübingen 1992; P.
Carell, G. Böddekker, Die Gefangenen.
Leben und Überleben deutscher Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht, Darmstadt
1980; G. Frey, Deutschlands
Ausplünderung, Munich 1993; Verband der Heimkehrer, G. Berndt, Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten
Weltkrieges. Ein geschichtlicher Abriß in Fakten, Bonn-Bad Godesberg
1989; Deutsches Rotes Kreuz-Suchdienst (ed.), Zur Geschichte der Kriegsgefangenen im Westen. USA – Großbritannien
– Frankreich – Belgien – (Schweden), Bonn 1962; L. Peters, Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen.
Wir haben Euch nicht vergessen!, Tübingen 1995 (I took some illustrations
from this for my article, pp. 394, 476); H.H. Meyer, Kriegsgefangene im Kalten Krieg. Die
Kriegsgefangenenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im amerikanisch-sowjetischen
Machtkampf von 1950–1955, Osnabrück 1998.
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A.E. Epifanow, H.
Mayer, Die Tragödie der deutschen
Kriegsgefangenen in Stalingrad von 1942–1956 nach russischen Archivunterlagen,
Osnabrück 1996, p. 204.
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See G. Frey, op. cit. (note 17), p. 240.
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Numbers from: Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen
des Zweiten Weltkrieges, vol. XV, pp. 191 ff., Verlag Ernst und Werner
Gieseking, Bielefeld 1974, and Gerhard Reichling, Die Deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Kulturstiftung
des Deutschen Volkes, Bonn 1986. The statistical
data are calculated using reasonable economic methods.
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Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1986, p. 178.
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Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Sept. 12, 1987.
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Karl Baßler, “Die
Ausraubung des Deutschen Volkes,” Huttenbriefe,
issues 1–3, 1988, Stockstadt.
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